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Glossary of Financial Terms and Definitions

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

A

Actuary A mathematics expert who applies probability theory to the business of life insurance and is responsible for calculating premiums, policy reserves and other values.
Actuarial Model The values of the Traded Insurance Policies are established through the actuarial model is reviewed by the independent actuarial firm as well as by the Auditor of ILSF. This model is subject to data provided by different sources. There is no assurance that such information is accurate or sufficient.
Auditor Deloitte Luxembourg is the auditor of ILSF
Administrative Fee Charges some policies deduct from cash value accumulation each year.
Administrator Vistra Fund Services (Luxembourg) S.A. acting as central administration for the Fund.
Annuitant A person who receives an income benefit from an annuity.
Annuity A contract purchased through an nsurance company, usually to accumulate funds that can be used after retirement.
Assets Resource managed by an entity as a result of transactions from which future economic benefits may be obtained.
Assignment Giving rights under the insurance policy to someone else. You can assign beneficiary rights or policy ownership

B

Beneficiary The person you designate to be paid a death benefit when you die. A policy mayhave one or more beneficiaries.
Board of Directors The board of directors of the Management Company of ILSF. See Management on the website.
Borrowing/Leverage The Management Company may borrow Assets for any purpose including coverage of operating expenses, payment of redemptions and transactions. Investors should be aware that such leverage can substantially increase the performance of the Sub-Fund but also result in greater loss.
Business Day A day on which banks are open for business in Luxembourg.
Burial Policy A policy with a relatively small death benefit, intended to cover your funeral and burial expenses.

C

Category  Group of units of each Class, which may be sub-divided into accumulation of income, distribution of dividends or any other specific features.
Cash Value The savings portion of a life policy. When your premium payments are more than the cost of insurance, the excess goes into a cash value account and draws interest.
Certificate The evidence of coverage received by persons insured through a group life policy.
Chronically Ill This means (1) being unable to perform at least two activities of daily living (i.e.,eating, toileting, transferring, bathing, dressing or continence), or (2) requiring substantial supervision to protect the individual from threats to health and safety due to severe cognitive impairment, or (3) having a level of disability similar to that described in (1) as determined by the Secretary of Health and Human Services.
CLU Charted Life Underwriter. A title that agents and other insurance professionals can achieve after taking a series of classes and passing exams. An agent with CLU after his or her name should know a lot about life insurance.
Contestable Period In Ohio, an insurance company can challenge a life insurance policy during the first two years after issue.
Conversion Changing a term life policy to some other form. This can be done only when thepolicy is described as convertible.
Credit Life A policy intended to pay off a debt (loan for car, furniture, appliances, etc.) if you die.
Custodian RBS Global Banking (Luxembourg) S.A. is the custodian of ILSF and Wilmington Trust is the sub-custodian to the Fund.

D

Death Benefit The money that a life insurance policy promises to pay your beneficiary when you die.
Decreasing Term A term life policy whose death benefit goes down each year.
Disclaimer The Disclaimer has been approved by the visitor of the ILSF website, whereby the visitor accepted all terms and conditions of the Disclaimer).
Distribution Fee (Subscription Fee, Subscription Commission, Wrap Commission, Initial Commission) The Subscription Commission, which will be paid by the Sub-Fund, in favour of the intermediaries involved in the distribution of Units, may be reduced or waived and paid direct to the investor resulting in the possibility of an enhanced investment allocation being made.Where the Subscription Commission is paid (i) in total to distributors (usually through the purchase of Class B or C Shares), (ii) in total to investors via reinvestment or (iii) a combination of (i) and (ii) up to a max as described in the ILSF Offering Memorandum. These amounts will become an asset of the Sub-Fund. Should an investor redeem prior to the Redemption Charge schedule then they will be charged as per the redemption charge calculations detailed unedr Redemption Charges in the ILSF Offering Memorandum. 
Dividends When a company collects more money from policyholders than is needed to cover the cost of insurance.

E

Effect of Substantial Redemptions Substantial redemption of the Units could cause the liquidation of ILSF. Moreover, this substantial redemption could suppose a significant sale of position which would bring adverse effects on the Management Company’s strategy, the performance of ILSF and increase the expenses of ILSF.
Endowment A cash value policy that sets a specific time at which the cash value will equal the death benefit. If you buy a $10,000, 20-year endowment policy, you will immediately be insured for $1 0,000. If you are still living at the end of 20 years, you will receive $10,000 in cash.
Escrow Agent means a state or federally regulated financial institution organized under the laws of the United States or any state, whose responsibilities include accepting investor funds, transferring funds in order to purchase policies, paying insurance premiums and receiving death benefits for all policies where Viatical Investors are not the beneficiaries.
Exchange Rates The currency in which the Classes of Units of ILSF is denominated is not necessarily the Reference Currency of ILSF or the investment currency of ILSF concerned. Investments are made in those currencies that best benefit the performance of ILSF in the view of the Board of Directors as advised by the Investment Committee of ILSF. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates may affect the value of Units held in ILSF. Unitholders investing in a share class other than in the currency in which the relevant Class of Units is denominated should be aware that exchange rate fluctuations could cause the value of their investment to diminish or increase.

F

Face Amount The sum a policy promises to pay when the insured person dies, or at the maturity of the contract.
Family History Information about medical or mental problems of your parents and other family members. Companies may charge you higher premiums or reject you if your family has a history of cancer, heart attacks, or such diseases as Huntington's.
Financing Entity An underwriter, placement agent, lender, purchaser of securities, purchaser of a policy or certificate from a Provider, credit enhancer, or any entity that has a direct ownership in a policy or certificate that is the subject of a Sales Contract, but: whose principal activity related to the transaction is providing funds to effect the Life settlement or purchase of one or more policies: and who has an agreement in writing with one or more Providers to finance the acquisitions of Sales Contracts. Financing Entity does not include a non-accredited investor or Purchaser.
Financing Transaction A transaction in which a licensed Provider obtains financing from a Financing Entity including, without limitation, any secured or unsecured financing, any securitization transaction, or any securities offering which either is registered or exempt from registration under federal and state securities law.
First to Die Provision in a policy that insures both husband and wife. When the first spouse dies, the survivor collects the full death benefit.
Fraud Any time you knowingly provide false or incomplete information on an applicationfor insurance or on a claim.
Free Look A time after you receive the policy for you to review and consider whether it is what you want.
Fund A Luxembourg fonds commun de placement as more fully described below in the section entitled “The Fund”, known as “INTERNATIONAL LIFE SETTLEMENTS FUND”.

G

Genetic Testing Using modern scientific analysis of your blood to determine whether you have any genetic defects that might make it more likely that you would die earlier than the average person. Ohio permits insurance companies to use the results of genetic testing for life insurance policies, but only a few companies require genetic testing.
Grace Period The time after an insurance premium is due during which the premium can still bepaid with no interest charged, and coverage remains in force. This period is usually 30 to 31 days.
Group Life A policy issued to an employer, association, or other organization.
Guaranteed Issue A policy that is sold to all applicants without regard to their health.
Guaranteed Rate The only interest amount that the insurance company promises to pay on any cash value in the policy.

H

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I

ILSD The International Life Settlements Distributors Ltd. is the exclusive partner for distribution of the ILSF Funds. In its specialized role, ILSD is the point of contact for sales and distribution, promotional and marketing services to ILSF.
ILSF The International Life Settlements Fund, a Structured Investment Fund under Luxembourg law regulations
ILSF’s Asset or“gross assets” The sum resulting from its Assets plus any amount borrowed for the purpose of investments (if any).
In Force A policy is in force when all conditions have been met to establish or maintain the company's obligation to pay if you die.
Initial Commission See Distribution Fee
Insurable Interest In order to be the owner and beneficiary of a life insurance policy, there must be some relationship to the insured person.
Insured This term means the person covered under the policy being considered for viatification. (from NCOIL definitions).
Investment Manager / Investment Advisor Any entity appointed from time to time by the Management Company to give advises for management of the ILSF’s Assets.
Insurance Company – Credit Investors should note that the Traded Insurance Policies are issued by Insurances Companies. Consequently ILSF is exposed to the risk of the life insurance company becoming insolvent. ILSF will invest in policies issued by carriers with a minimum rating of A- at the time of the investment.
IRR The internal rate of return (IRR) is a rate of return used in capital budgeting to measure and compare the profitability of investments. It is also called the discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) or simply the rate of return (ROR). In the context of savings and loans the IRR is also called the effective interest rate. The term internal refers to the fact that its calculation does not incorporate environmental factors (e.g., the interest rate or inflation). The internal rate of return on an investment or project is the annualized effective compounded return rate or discount rate that makes the net present value of all cash flows (both positive and negative) from a particular investment equal to zero. In more specific terms, the IRR of an investment is the interest rate at which the net present value of costs (negative cash flows) of the investment equal the net present value of the benefits (positive cash flows) of the investment.

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K

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L

Lapse The termination of an insurance policy as a result of failure to pay the premium.
Legal Risk Potential investors should note that investments in Traded Insurance Policies carry risks additional to those inherent in other investments. In particular, potential investors should note that, given the particularities of the market, investment in any Traded Insurance Policy may afford a lower level of legal protection to investors which may in turn have a negative impact on ILSF. ILSF may need to enforce its contracts against Insurance Companies located in foreign jurisdictions. Also it must face the risk of having to contend with the legal system of that jurisdiction, a lack of investors protection, inadequate legislation for market participants, change of laws, etc.
Life Expectancy The number of months the individual insured under the life insurance policy to beviaticated can be expected to live as determined by the viatical settlement provider considering medical records and appropriate experiential data. (from NCOIL definitions)
Life Settlement A financial transaction in which a policy owner possessing an unneeded or unwanted life insurance policy sells the policy to a third party for more than the cash value offered by the life insurance company. The purchaser becomes the new beneficiary of the policy at maturation and is responsible for all subsequent premium payments.
Life Settlement Market Place Life Settlement, Viatical/Life Settlement Broker, Viatical/Life Settlement Provider, Net Death Benefit, Life Expectancy, Owner, Insured, Purchase Agreement, Sales Contract, Financing Entities, Financing Transaction, Special Purpose Entity, Related Provider Trust, Secondary Markets, Accredited Investor, Qualified Institutional Buyer
Liquidity Potential investors should note that investments in Traded Insurance Policies are not liquid investments. In some cases, a decision to unwind a portfolio of Traded Insurance Policies may not be the most efficient option to meet the Fund’s liquidity needs. In addition, investments in Traded Insurance Policies are considered to be “long term investments”, consequently investors should notice that in certain cases, several years may be required before a realization of value is achieved. Realization of value in the short-term may be difficult or may have to be made at a substantial discount compared to its expected long-term return. In some situations The Board of Directors as advised by the Investment Committee of ILSF may decide to leave Assets in a liquid form, therefore investor should be aware that this may substantially decrease the performance of the Fund.
Loan If your policy has accumulated cash value, you may borrow part of it. Interest rates are generally better than bank rates. The amount you borrowed will be deducted from your death benefit until you have repaid it.
Longevity Returns on Traded Insurance Policies are dependent on the life expectancies (LE) of the insured persons and these may be difficult to predict. If an insured person outlives his indicated life expectancy, returns may fall considerably because there are more premiums to pay and a postponement on the receipt of death benefits.

M

Management Company EUROPEAN LIFE SETTLEMENTS MANAGEMENT Sarl.
Management Fee (MF) The Management Fee is described in the offering document of ILSF. This a fee being paid out of the assets of the relevant Class at the end of each month. The fee is described in detail for each Class of ILSF in the relevant section in the appendices of the Offering Document.
Management Regulations Management regulations of ILSF, as amended from time to time.
Medical Cures and Mortality Uncertainty The acquisition of Traded Insurance Policies is associated to the life expectancy of the insured; consequently any medical discovery may increase the life expectancy of an insured and decrease the performance of ILSF. The mortality uncertainty relates to current insufficient historical data of life expectancy predictions as against actual deaths in Traded Insurances Policies. As a result of this, mortality tables used to value the policies may not be accurate.
Member State A member state of the European Union.
Mémorial The Mémorial C, Recueil des Sociétés et Associations.
Money Market Instruments Instruments normally dealt in on the money market which are liquid, and have a value which can be accurately determined at any time.
Mortality Charge The cost of insuring you at your current age.

N

Net Asset Value (NAV) The net asset value used to be determined the issue price, redemption price and conversion price per Unit of ILSF, Class or Category of Unit as determined in the Reference Currency on each Valuation Day in accordance with the section below entitled “Determination of the Net Asset Value of Units”.
Nonforfeiture If you cancel a cash value policy after several years, the company is required to refund part of the cash value.

O

Options and Swaps ILSF may use options, futures and swap contracts and enter into forward foreign exchange transactions to the extent allowed in the Appendices of the prospectus hereof and in accordance with the investment policy of ILSF. The ability to use these strategies may be limited by market conditions and regulatory limits and there can be no assurance that the objective sought to be attained from the use of these strategies will be achieved. Participation in the options or futures markets, in swap contracts and in foreign exchange transactions involves investment risks and transaction costs to which ILSF would not be subject if they did not use these strategies. If the Management Company’s predictions of movements in the direction of the securities, foreign currency and interest rate markets are inaccurate, the adverse consequences to ILSF may leave ILSF in a less favourable position than if such strategies were not used. Risks inherent in the use of options, foreign currency, swaps and futures contracts and options on futures contracts include, but are not limited to (a) dependence on the Management Company’s ability to predict correctly movements in the direction of interest rates, securities prices and currency markets; (b) imperfect correlation between the price of options and futures contracts and options thereon and movements in the prices of the securities or currencies being hedged; (c) the fact that skills needed to use these strategies are different from those needed to select portfolio of Traded Insurance Policies; (d) the possible absence of a liquid secondary market for any particular instrument at any time; and (e) the possible inability of ILSF to purchase or sell a portfolio at a time that otherwise would be favorable for it to do so, or the possible need for ILSF to sell a portfolio at a disadvantageous time. Where ILSF enters into swap, option and forward transactions on an OTC basis it is exposed to a potential counterparty risk. In case of insolvency or default of the said counterparty, such event would affect the Assets of ILSF.
Outlay The amount you pay the insurance company for insurance (same as premium).
OTC Over The Counter, a non regulated financial instrument or investment product, instrument.
Owner This term means the Owner of a life insurance policy or a certificate holder under a group policy. The term Owner does not include any Provider or other licensee. (from NAIC definitions)

P

Paid-Up A policy on which all premium payments have been made.
Participating Policy A policy that has the possibility of paying dividends.
Policy Owner The person who contracts with an insurance company for a life insurance policy. The owner of the policy has the right to designate beneficiaries.
Preferred Rate The rate the company charges people who have the lowest risks.
Purchase Agreement A Contract or agreement entered into by a Provider with a Purchaser, to which the Owner is nota party, to purchase a policy or an interest in a life insurance policy, or acquire a beneficial interest, or a certificate issued pursuant to a group life insurance policy.
Purchase of Traded Insurance Policies The Board of Directors as advised by the Investment Committee of ILSF, and in accordance with ILSF’s objective, strategies and restrictions, selects the Traded Insurance Policies that better suits with its strategy. In many cases the lack of available Traded Insurance Policies complying with the Management Company’s specifications shall affect the performance of the Sub-Funds.

Q

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R

Redemption Fee (Redemption Charge) If an investor redeems prior to the completion of the lock-up period or amortisation of the Inital Commission fee then they will be charged as per the redemption charge calculations detailed under Redemption Charges in the Offering Memorandum of ILSF. The Redemption Charge may be applied or may be waived, in whole or in part, at the discretion of the Management Company. Redemption Fees are charged in favor of the Sub-Fund. Redemption charges will be levied on the initial amount invested by the Shareholder and as such may represent a larger percentage figure than those stated in the Offering Memorandum in the event of the Sub-Fund value being lower than the amount invested.
Reference Currency The currency in which ILSF or each Class of Unit is denominated.
Regulated Market A regulated market as defined in the Council Directive 93/22/EEC of 1 0th May 1993 on investment services in the securities field (“Directive 93/22/EEC”), as amended.
Regulatory Authority The Luxembourg authority or its successor in charge of the supervision of the undertakings for collective investment in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The CSSF.
Regulatory Framework The regulatory supervision and legal infrastructure in the traded insurance policy market may not provide the same degree of protection or information to investors as would generally apply in other highly sophisticated markets. Any change in the regulatory framework may lead to a decline of the Fund’s return.
Reinstatement Period Restoration of a policy that has lapsed due to non-payment of premium after the grace period has ended. The reinstatement period in life insurance is 3 years from the premium due date.
Related Provider Trust A titling trust or other trust established by a licensed Provider or a Financing Entity for the sole purpose of holding ownership or beneficial interest in purchased policies in connection with a Financing Transaction. In order to qualify as a Provider Trust, the trust must have a written agreement with the licensed Provider under which the licensed Provider is responsible for ensuring compliance with all statutory and regulatory requirements and under which the trust agrees to make all records and files relating to life settlement transactions available to the Department of Insurance as if those records and files were maintained directly by the licensed Provider.
Renewable Term A term life policy that guarantees you the right to renew at the end of the term.
Replacement An insurance agent replaces your policy when he sells you a policy to take the place of one you already have. Ohio law requires you to sign replacement forms whenever money from one policy is used to buy or fund another policy. If the new policy is with a different company, the agent must notify your old company. The old company then has a chance to persuade you not to switch.
Rider An addition or amendment to an insurance policy.
Risk The likelihood that you will die while insured.
Risk of Insurable Interest It is important that the original policyholder (or family or other persons with a substantial interest in the continuity of the insured) has an insurable interest in the policy at the time of issuance of the policy. An insurance company has always the right to re-investigate this during the existence of the policy. An insurance company can also deny claims based on fraud.
Risk Factor Things about you that affect your risk, such as age, smoking, hazardous occupation, or a family history of heart disease.

S

Sales Contract This is a written agreement entered into between a Provider and an Owner, the subject of which is a Life Settlement. Sales Contract also includes a written agreement for a loan or other lending transaction, secured primarily by an individual or a group life insurance policy, other than a loan by a life insurance company pursuant to the terms of the Sales Contract, or a loan secured by the cash value of a policy.
Secondary Markets These markets do not include a “Provider”, a “Purchaser”, a “Financing Entity”, or a “Special Purpose Entity”, but rather does include any Person who isa qualified institutional buyer or accredited investor (as defined, respectively, in Rule 1 44A or Regulation D, Rule 501, promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.) (from General Rules and Regulations promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933).
Services Providers The achievement of ILSF’s objective requires the use of a broad range of service providers, including without limitation, medical underwriters, policy providers, escrow agents, verification and tracking agents, actuarial auditors. Given the special features and the lack of sophistication of the Traded Insurance Policies market, there can be no assurance for the Unitholders that any of the providers will be in existence at all times and that will perform their activities efficiently. A deficient service (e.g. an inappropriate Traded Insurance Policies’s due diligence by a Policy Provider and/or a poor verification by the tracking agent) may have an effect on the value of the Traded Insurance Policies and therefore an effect on the overall value of ILSF.
Settlement Option How a beneficiary receives payment of the death benefit.
SIPP A Self-Invested Personal Pension (SIPP) is the name given to the type of UK government approved personal pension scheme, which allows individuals to make their own investment decisions from the full range of HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) approved investments.SIPPs are a type of Personal Pension Plan. Another subset of this type of pension is the Stakeholder Pension Plan. SIPPs, in common with personal pension schemes, are tax "wrappers", allowing tax rebates on contributions in exchange for limits on accessibility. The HMRC rules allow for a greater range of investments to be held than Personal Pension Plans, notably equities and property. Rules for contributions, benefit withdrawal etc are the same as for other personal pension schemes.
Special Purpose Entity A corporation, limited liability company, or other similar entity formed solely to provide either directly or indirectly access to institutional capital markets to a Financing Entity or Provider.
Suicide Clause A life insurance policy will not pay a death benefit if you commit suicide within the first two years after you buy the policy.
Surrender Charge If you surrender an annuity or life policy prematurely, the company may deduct a fee from the amount it owes you.

T

Taxation Despite the possibility that ILSF may use special purpose vehicles to place investments in order to mitigate certain tax risks, there can be no assurance that an amendment, inaction, abolition or interpretation of one or more laws may not directly impact the investments of ILSF. ILSF will elect to be treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes. ILSF will not be entitled to treaty benefits under the U.S.-Luxembourg income tax treaty. Unless a Unitholder is entitled to treaty benefits under a treaty between his, her or its country of residence and the United States, life insurance proceeds paid upon the death of a U.S. insured allocable to such Unitholder may be subject to U.S. withholding tax at a 30% rate. To the extent U.S. withholding taxes are imposed on a Unitholder’s allocable share of policy proceeds or other income, such Unitholder’s account will be credited with its share of policy proceeds or other income reduced by such withholding tax. Requirements for U.S. treaty entitlement are discussed in general terms below. However, a Unitholder should satisfy him, her, or itself as to the overall U.S. and non-U.S. tax consequences in their own particular circumstances of their acquisition, ownership and disposal of the Units, by consulting their own tax advisers.
Term Life The simplest form of life insurance, it generally offers no cash value feature. You pay a premium and the company promises to pay your beneficiary if you die.
Terminally Ill Having an illness or sickness that can reasonably be expected to result in death in twenty-four (24) months or less.
Traded Insurance Policies/ Traded Life Policies / Traded endowment Policies An agreement that confers onto an investor, or other persons, an interest in the death benefits or benefits under one or more life policies that is entered into for the purpose of deriving an economic benefit.
Transferable Securities (i) shares in companies and other securities equivalent to shares in companies (“shares”); (ii) bonds and other forms of securitised debt (“debt securities”) and (iii) any other negotiable securities which carry the right to acquire any such transferable securities by subscription or exchange, to the extent they do not qualify as techniques and instruments as described hereafter.

U

Underwriting The insurance company's process for determining whom it will insure.
Universal Life A flexible-premium life insurance contract that accumulates values and pays a death benefit. You choose the policy's premium and face amount, and you can adjust these as long as the policy is in effect.
UCI An undertaking for collective investment as defined by Luxembourg law.
UCITS An undertaking for collective investment in transferable securities under Article 1(2) of the UCITS Directive.

V

Valuation The value of ILSF that invests in Traded Insurance Policies will be affected by the values of the Traded Insurance Policies. At any times, the value of the Traded Insurance Policies may change as a consequence of a modification of some of the parameters established in the actuarial model and reviewed by the actuarial auditor. Such modifications will result in a change in the Net Asset Value.
Valuation Day In relation to any Class or Category of Unit in ILSF shall be each Business Day on which the Net Asset Value is calculated except a Business Day falling within a period of suspension of determination of Net Asset Value, as described in the Section “Determination of the Net Asset Value of Units”.
Variable Life A type of whole life insurance in which the face amount and cash value rely onthe investment performance of a special fund. Reserves are placed in investment accounts that are separate from the company's general account.
Viatical Market Place Viatical Settlement, Viatical/Life Settlement Broker, Viatical/Life Settlement Provider, Viaticals, Viaticate, Viator, Accelerated Death Benefit, Net Death Benefit, Life Expectancy, Terminally Ill, Chronically Ill, Owner, Insured, Purchase Agreement, Sales Contract, Financing Entities, Financing Transaction, Special Viatical Policies Traded Life Policies or Traded Endowment Policies where the original life insured at the moment of the settlement is either terminally or chronically ill. According to the definitions of the Life Insurance Settlement Association, terminally ill is the person having an illness or sickness that can reasonably be expected to result in death in twenty four (24) months or less. Chronically ill is defined as follows: (1) being unable to perform at least two activities of daily living (i.e., eating, toileting, transferring, bathing, dressing or continence), or (2) requiring substantial supervision to protect the individual from threats to health and safety due to severe cognitive impairment, or (3) having a level of disability similar to that described in (1) as determined by the US Secretary of Health and Human Services. ILSF will not purchase policies with a Life Expectancy at the time of purchase of forty eight (48) months or less.
Viaticate (vi-at-i-kate) (Historically, to furnish with the provisions necessary for a journey.) v. To sell a life insurance policy to a third party when the insured is terminally ill.
Viator (vi'-a-tor) n. A terminally ill person who sells his or her life insurance policy to a third party and receives a lump sum cash payment. (From NAIC definitions)

W

Waiver of Premium A provision that suspends your obligation to pay premiums when you are disabled or you meet some other policy requirement. This is a common feature in life insurance polices.
Well-Informed Investor Well-informed investors within the meaning of Article 2 of the Law of 2007.
Whole Life Life insurance with a savings feature. Premiums generally are the same (level) every year. When you are young, your premiums are more than the cost of insuring your life at that time. The excess amount accumulates and resembles a saving account, called cash value. This excess is used by the company to insure you later in life, when your level premium is no longer enough to cover you.

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Z

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